NCERT-GEOGRAPHY-CLASS-7-CHAPTER-07

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👉NCERT-GEOGRAPHY-CLASS-7-NOTES 👀 

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Definition of modification?

 

  • A systematic process of transformation, which, in the consideration of time and space, is a requirement, when done, known as a modification.

 

At which place did early human beings use to live

 

  • Early human beings used to live in trees and in caves.

 

The primary motivating factor for settlement?

  • Availability of -
  1. water and 
  2. fertile land.

 

Types of settlement

 

  1. The temporary settlement, and 
  2. permanent settlement.

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Temporary settlement?

 

  • In a settlement where you occupied a place for a short period.
  • Before starting civilization human beings used to live in temporary settlements, as human beings were always in the mode of movement.
  • In the temporary settlement, human beings used to practice

01-  hunting,

02-  gathering,

03-  shifting cultivation, and

04-  transhumance.

  • What we have discussed in the last chapters is that, because of climatic and seasonal transformation, human beings move from one place to another place.

 

Permanent settlement?



  • When human beings occupy a place permanently and build homes there, without migrating from one place to another due to climatic or seasonal changes, it is known as a permanent settlement.
  • Today, the majority of the world’s population lives in permanent settlements. However, some nomadic groups still continue to migrate from place to place, especially in-
  1. densely forested, 
  2. desert, 
  3. mountainous, and 
  4. remote regions of the world.


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Types of permanent settlement 

  1. Rural settlement and 
  2. urban settlement.

 

Kinds of rural settlement

     

 

Compact settlement and scattered settlement

 

  • Compact settlement 
    1. A compact settlement is that dwelling unit and fertile lands are interconnected means not have spatial distance.
    2. Houses are closely built near one another.
    3. Found in fertile plains and regions with the availability of water.
    4. People live together for security, social interaction, and easy access to resources.
    5. Common in the northern plains of India. 
    scattered settlement
    1. On the other hand, the scattered settlement is one in which dwelling units and fertile land are spatially situated.
    2. Houses are located far apart from each other.
    3. Found in hilly, forested, desert, or sparsely populated regions.
    4. People live separately near their agricultural fields or grazing lands.
    5. Common in mountainous and tribal regions.
  •  

Slanting roofs

 

  • In places of heavy or snowfall, the human community used to construct slanting roofs of their home to ensure no accumulation of water over the roof.

 

House on a raised platform?


  • In plain areas, due to frequent accumulation of rainwater or floodwater, particularly in Tarai region of India, the human community used to construct a raised platform house
Note- 
  • Whether it is the construction of a slanting roof or a raised platform house. This shows the human being's effort to acclimatise to the environment.

 

Towns and Cities

 

  • In the type of urban settlement, comparatively, 
  1. the small settlement which has characteristics of both rural settlement and urban settlement, and 
  2. The one that is transforming from a rural settlement towards an urban settlement is known as a town.

 

Transport



  • The means through which we ensure the movement of things and the human being from one place to another is known as transport.

 

Invention of the wheel


  • From a historical point of view, the invention of the wheel was a major breakthrough in the development of civilisation.

  • Because, with the invention of the wheel, the transportation of goods and human beings became easier and faster, which ultimately moved the economic cycle more conveniently and rapidly.

 

Ilamas?

    

  • An animal found in the Andes, the mountain range of South America.

 

Manali Leh highway?

 

  • A 475-kilometre-long highway, constructed by the Border Road Organisation, which is a road construction wing of the Indian military, connects Leh of Ladakh to Manali of Himachal Pradesh.
  • The Manali–Leh Highway is one of the world’s highest motorable highways. Its highest point is "Taglang La Pass", situated at an elevation of about 5,328 metres above sea level.

 

Trans Siberian railway?

   


  • The Trans-Siberian Railway is the world’s longest railway route. It is located in Russia and connects Moscow in the west to Vladivostok in the east. 
  • The total length of the railway is about 9,289 km.

 

Inland waterways?

  • The waterways are operated through rivers.
  • The present updated status is shown in the following image.


 

Sea routes?

  • The waterways operated in the seas and oceans are known as sea route waterways.


Fastest means of transport?

  • Airways are the fastest means of transport.


Most expensive means of transport?

  • Along with being the fastest means of transport, the airways are also the most expensive means of transport.

 

Mass media

 

A medium of communication through which information is exchanged, and the store is known as the media.

A network of media in which we have

  1. radio,
  2. television,
  3. newspaper,
  4. magazine, and
  5. The social platform is known as mass media.


 

The utility of satellites?


With the help of satellites, we can establish

  1. communication,
  2. can explore natural resources deep inside the surface of the earth, along with
  3. military specialisation. 


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