NCERT-GEOGRAPHY-CLASS-6-CHAPTER-3

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Motions of Earth

Earth has two types of motion, which are

  1. Rotation, and the second one is a
  2. Revolution.


Rotation

  • The motion in which Earth revolves on its axis is called rotation.



  • The speed of the rotation is 463 meters per second.
  • The direction is from west to east.
  • Primarily rotation causes -
  1. day and night on the Earth, and
  2. The distribution of temperature.



Revolution

  • The motion in which Earth revolves around the sun in its orbit is known as revolution. 
  • The speed of the revolution is 29.8 kilometres per second, that is, on average, 30 kilometres per second. 
  • Direction of the revolution is from west to east. 
  • Revolution causes- 
  1. Increasing and decreasing the length of day and night, and 
  2. The transformation of the season on the earth.

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Orbital plane

  • The definite route with flat surface, angle and distance, in space. 
  • Following which Earth revolves around the sun is known as the orbital plane.
  • As the Earth's orbital plane angle is 0" degree and distance is 92 Cacore (Cr) Km.

Elliptical orbit

  • The shape of Earth's orbit is elliptical, which is why known as an elliptical orbit.
  • Due to Earth’s elliptical orbit around the Sun, around 3rd/4th July, we experience Aphelion, when the Earth is at its maximum distance from the Sun. In contrast, around 3rd/4th January, we experience Perihelion, when the Earth is at its minimum distance from the Sun, as shown in the above image.


Circle of illumination

  • As shown above, the part of the Earth facing the Sun experiences day, while the opposite part experiences night.
  • The imaginary line that separates the day side and the night side of the Earth is known as the Circle of Illumination.
  • It marks the boundary where day changes into night and night changes into day.
  • On average, the illuminated portion of the Earth is slightly more than half, about 52%, while the dark portion is about 48%.
  • This happens because the Earth has an atmosphere, and due to the scattering and bending of sunlight, some sunlight reaches slightly beyond the exact centre of the Earth.

Summer solstice

  • Due to the revolution of the Earth, when we have a maximum difference in the length of day and night, that is called a solstice.
  • When the day de is longer, and the temperature is high, it is called the summer solstice. 
  • The average date of the summer solstice is the 21st of June every year in the northern hemisphere and 22nd December in the southern hemisphere.
 

Winter solstice

  • When we have a night longer than the day, and it is winter outside, we call it the winter solstice.  
  • We have the winter solstice on the 22nd of December every year in the northern hemisphere and 21st June in the southern hemisphere.

Equinox


  • The situation when we have day and night of equal length on the Earth is known as an equinox.
  • The average date of the equinox on Earth is the 21st of March and the 23rd of September.


 

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