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Lithosphere

  • In the structure of the Earth, the upper solid portion has the crust and the solid portion of the mantle.

    




Atmosphere

  • A "blanket" of a mixture of -
  1. different kinds of gases, in addition to 
  2. water vapour and 
  3. Dust particles surround the Earth, known as the atmosphere, which is an integral and important aspect of our planet.
  • The extension of the atmosphere from the surface is about 1600 km above.

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Hydrosphere

  • The water we find on the Earth of all kinds is known as the hydrosphere.


 

Biosphere

  • "A narrow interactive zone among the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere where life takes birth and sustains" is called the biosphere. 


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The main division of the Earth's surface

  • The crust of the Earth is divided into two main divisions, which are

  1. continents and
  2. ocean basin

 

Continents -&- Ocean basin

  1. A solid, large landmass portion of the Earth's crust known as a continent.
  2. On the other hand, large water bodies are known as ocean basins.


Major continents?

  • These are according to size,

  1. ASIA
  2. AFRICA
  3. NORTH AMERICA
  4. SOUTH AMERICA
  5. ANTARCTICA
  6. EUROPE and
  7. AUSTRALIA


Elevation of sea level?

  • The elevation of the sea level is calculated as "0" meter.

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Edmund Hillary -& Tenzing Norgay      


  1. These were the two people who climbed Mount Everest first in the world in the year of 1953.
  2. Edmund Hillary was from New Zealand, while Tenzing Norgay was from India.

 

Junko Tadei

  1. A "Japanese mountaineer".
  2. The first woman in the world to reach Mount Everest in the year 1975.

Constituents of the hydrosphere

 

01-   OCEAN,

02-   GLACIER,

03-   UNDERGROUND WATER,

04-   LAKES RIVER AND EVEN,

05-   THE WATER VAPOUR, all are constituents of the hydrosphere.

      



Movement of ocean water

  • The movement of the ocean water is in three (03) ways,

01-   ocean current,

02-   oceanic waves, and

03-   Ocean tides.



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Name of the major ocean

   


01-   Pacific Ocean

02-   Atlantic Ocean

03-   Indian Ocean

04-   Southern Ocean and

05-   Arctic Ocean

 

Mariana trench

  • The deepest point on the Earth is situated in the Pacific Ocean.
  • The total elevation is around 11000 m.

 

Name the continents around the Pacific Ocean

  1. North America
  2. South America 
  3. Asia
  4. Australia

 

Name the continents around the Atlantic Ocean

  1. North America and 
  2. South America to the west, and 
  3. Europe, along with 
  4. Africa to the east.

 

Indented coastline

      


  • Due to the erosion activities, the coastline of the ocean has eroded and goes deep into the continent.
  • As a result, create an ideal location for the natural harbour and Port.

 

The shape of the Indian Ocean


Triangular in shape.
  1. In the West, we have Africa
  2. In the East, we have Australia, and
  3. In the north, we have Asia.

 

Southern Ocean

  1. Water situated beyond 60 ° South up to Antarctica has been categorised as the "Southern Ocean"
  2. Situated completely in the Southern hemisphere.
  • Surrounded by Antarctica and extends towards 60 degrees north.

 

Arctic Ocean

  • Situated between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole.
  • That is an ocean completely situated in the Northern Hemisphere.

 

Strait -&- Bering strait

  • That oceanic route connects two separate water bodies known as the Strait.
  • The Bearing Strait connects the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

 

Name of the atmospheric layer

  1. In a stretch from 450 to 640 kilometres, specifically, but in general, to about 1000 kilometres of atmosphere.
  2. Got divided into five (05 )layers starting from the Earth's surface.
           

01-   Troposphere,

02-   Stratosphere sphere,

03-   Meso sphere,

04-   Thermosphere and

05-   Exosphere

 

Composition of the atmosphere

  • In the composition of the atmosphere, we have


In the round figure, it could be written as- 
  1. 21% oxygen,
  2. 78% nitrogen
  3. 0.36 per cent carbon dioxide and
  4. The rest of the gases


Utility of Nitrogen gas

  • Nitrogen is an important gas for the growth and development of a living organism.

 

Utility of CO2

  • Carbon dioxide absorbs the heat radiated from the Earth’s surface. 
  • In this way, it plays an essential role in maintaining the planet’s warmth, which is necessary for sustaining life.



  • Thus, we understand that carbon dioxide is a versatile gas. 
  • It plays an important role in the atmosphere by absorbing heat radiated from the Earth’s surface and maintaining the warmth necessary for sustaining life. 
  • Besides this atmospheric role, CO₂ is also widely used in -
  1. synthetic fuel production, 
  2. chemical manufacturing, 
  3. polymer and plastic industries, 
  4. food and carbonated drinks, 
  5. mineral formation, and 
  6. enhanced oil recovery.

 

Density & Pressure of the atmosphere


Atmospheric Density

  • Density means the amount of mass present in a given volume of space.
    In simple words, atmospheric density refers to the amount of air particles present in a particular volume of the atmosphere.
  • In simple words, atmospheric density refers to the amount of air particles present in a particular volume of the atmosphere.
  • Atmospheric density is highest near sea level because the air molecules are more closely packed there, which happens due to the weight of the upper layers of the atmosphere pressing down on the lower layers.
  • As we move higher into the atmosphere, the number of air molecules decreases. Therefore, the atmosphere becomes thinner, and atmospheric density decreases with height.

Atmospheric Pressure

  • Atmospheric pressure refers to the force exerted by the weight of the air above a particular place.
    In other words, it is the weight of a column of air extending from the Earth’s surface to the upper layers of the atmosphere.
  • In other words, it is the weight of a column of air extending from the Earth’s surface to the upper layers of the atmosphere.
  • Atmospheric pressure is also highest at sea level because the entire column of air above sea level exerts maximum weight there.
  • As altitude increases, the height and weight of the air column above a place decrease. Therefore, atmospheric pressure also decreases as we go higher.

Difference Between Atmospheric Density and Atmospheric Pressure


  • Atmospheric density is mainly related to the concentration of air particles in a given volume, while atmospheric pressure is related to the weight of the air column above a place.
  • Thus, density tells us how closely air particles are packed, whereas pressure tells us how much weight the atmosphere is exerting on a particular area.
Note- 

Both atmospheric density and atmospheric pressure are maximum near sea level and decrease with increasing altitude. This is why air becomes thinner, and pressure becomes lower in high mountain regions.


Categories of organisms in the biosphere.

We have to categorise what is
  1. Plant Kingdom and
  2. an animal kingdom in the biosphere.

Global warming

       


  • The function of carbon dioxide is to absorb the heat radiated by the Earth's surface, through which the atmosphere maintains warmth, which helps sustain life on Earth.
  • Due to anthropogenic interference through artificial means or industrial activities, we are radiating more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, resulting in more absorption of heat, which results in an increase in atmospheric temperature.
  • This phenomenon is known as global warming.

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